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28" x 26 3/4"</text>
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                <text>Image description: A black-and-white stereograph of a group of men before the Elisha Jones or "Bullet Hole" House. Behind them, a banner reading "Pierced by a British musket ball" and bunting mark the location of the hole, which is visible in the photograph. </text>
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      <name>Middlesex Hotel</name>
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                <text>Emerson regarded Elizabeth Hoar (1814-1878) as a member of his family as well as of the thoughtful circle of individuals drawn to his home for discussion and friendship.  She was the daughter of lawyer Samuel Hoar and sister of Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar (lawyer, judge, Massachusetts senator, Attorney General of the United States in the cabinet of President Ulysses S. Grant, representative in the United States Congress, and Emerson’s friend), of George Frisbie Hoar (lawyer and representative and senator in Congress), and Edward Sherman Hoar (Thoreau’s friend and traveling companion).  Educated at the old Concord Academy, she was learned—a proficient Greek scholar—and a woman of powerful intellect, deep religious sensibility, and reform sympathies.&#13;
&#13;
   Elizabeth Hoar was close to many with whom Emerson associated.  An intimate of the Thoreaus, Channings, and Hawthornes, she was a friend of Elizabeth Peabody and Margaret Fuller (whose Boston conversation series she attended), of Fuller’s brother Richard, Caroline Sturgis (later Tappan), and Anna Barker (Ward).  While abroad, she met Thomas Carlyle and other literary people whom Emerson knew from his European trips.&#13;
&#13;
   In 1833, Charles Chauncy Emerson—Waldo’s younger brother, a lawyer—and Elizabeth Hoar became engaged.  Charles managed Sam Hoar’s Concord law office while the Squire served in Washington as a representative in Congress, beginning in 1835.  The couple made plans to marry in September, 1836.  The Emersons renovated their home in anticipation of the newlyweds living with them.  Emerson and Elizabeth Hoar were both dealt a severe personal blow in May, 1836, when Charles died of tuberculosis.  Elizabeth continued to live in her parents’ Main Street home.&#13;
&#13;
   Emerson expressed the profound respect he felt for Elizabeth Hoar many times—for example, in a letter he wrote her on November 23, 1839: “Where is my letter to which I give you fair challenge?  You are a sovereign woman &amp; shall do as you choose, but in some hour of benevolence you may remember those who are bound in the bonds of analyzing the Age.  I do not wish to know the opinions of celeb[ra]ted reformers or celebrated conversers, or indeed of celebrated leaders of either sex.  They are all officers &amp; through their lips I hear always Mr Million speak.  But you are queen of yourself &amp; in your privacy &amp; detachment possess a superiority to which we must all defer.  Always I  gladly hear what you say as the sentence of an intelligent umpire, and, so pedantic are my habits, should gladlier read what you write.”&#13;
&#13;
   Although the opportunity to become a member of the Emerson family was denied to Elizabeth Hoar, Emerson confided in her throughout their lives and referred to her as his sister.  His mother, Lidian, and the Emerson children all felt deep, abiding affection for her.&#13;
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                <text> Elizabeth Palmer Peabody (1804-1894) devoted her long and full life to the expression of Transcendental idealism in a variety of forms.  Greatly admired by some of her contemporaries as a model of passionate commitment, she was dismissed by others as meddlesome and absent-minded.  Abolitionist minister Theodore Parker praised her as “a woman of most astonishing powers … many-sidedness and largeness of soul … rare qualities of head and heart … A good analyst of character, a free spirit, kind, generous, noble.”  Margaret Fuller, on the other hand, was impatient with Peabody’s inattention to detail, and Emerson—who admired much about her—could not keep himself from commenting on her careless grooming.  Novelist Henry James caricatured her mercilessly as Miss Birdseye in The Bostonians (1886).&#13;
&#13;
   Teacher and educational reformer, founder of the kindergarten in America, abolitionist, opponent of European autocratic despotism, friend of political refugees, advocate of Native American rights and education, of woman’s suffrage, and of world peace, Peabody worked unceasingly toward the improvement of society. &#13;
&#13;
   In the 1840s, she ran a circulating library and bookstore at 13 West Street in Boston, providing the Transcendentalists with volumes of foreign literature and philosophy.  Margaret Fuller conducted some of her conversations at 13 West Street, and the Brook Farm utopian community was planned there.  Moreover, Peabody was a publisher at a time when few women were involved in that business.  She published Emancipation by Dr. William Ellery Channing (her mentor), several volumes by Hawthorne, two of the four volumes of The Dial, and the short-lived journal Aesthetic Papers (1849), which included the first appearance in print of Thoreau’s “Resistance to Civil Government” (“Civil Disobedience”). &#13;
&#13;
   Peabody was also a gifted linguist, familiar with some dozen languages, and a prolific writer on education, reform, language, history, art, and other topics.&#13;
&#13;
   Sister-in-law of Nathaniel Hawthorne, who married her sister Sophia in 1842, and of educational reformer Horace Mann, who married her sister Mary in 1843, she associated with all in Emerson’s Transcendental circle.  In the late 1830s, she visited the Emersons in Concord, and later lived here during two periods of her life (with her widowed sister Mary Mann from 1859, and with her brother Nathaniel from 1878).&#13;
&#13;
   Peabody’s most lasting impact was as a teacher and educational reformer.  Sharing Bronson Alcott’s belief that education is a matter of drawing out inner knowledge (particularly moral and spiritual), she was involved in a number of innovative educational ventures, culminating in the establishment of the kindergarten in America from 1859. &#13;
&#13;
   In 1832, she held the first of her “reading parties,” or “conferences,” for women.  The sessions consisted of reading, lecture, and dialogue on a chosen topic.  Margaret Fuller later applied this interactive process in her conversation series. &#13;
&#13;
   From 1834 to 1836, Peabody served as Alcott’s assistant at the Temple School in Boston.  Her Record of a School, prepared from her manuscript notes on Alcott’s dialogues with his students, was published in 1835.  Alcott’s two-volume Conversations with Children on the Gospels (1836-1837) was edited by Alcott from Peabody’s notes.&#13;
&#13;
   In the 1850s, she promoted the teaching of history through color-coded chronological grid charts introduced by Josef Bem, and lived and taught at the Raritan Bay Union in Eagleswood, New Jersey, one of the cooperative communities that sprang up in the mid-19th century.&#13;
&#13;
   In 1859, Peabody took up the most significant educational work of her life, the promotion of early childhood education as pioneered by German educator Friedrich Froebel, who had worked with very young children and formulated an approach based on organized play, the use of the hands and the senses, and involvement with nature.  Peabody established the first formally organized American kindergarten in America in 1860, and for the rest of her life worked with missionary zeal to advance the cause.&#13;
&#13;
   In the classroom, in the Foreign Library, and in her efforts on behalf of oppressed groups and individuals, Elizabeth Peabody demonstrated determination to bring reality in line with philosophy, in essence forging an applied version of Emerson’s Transcendentalism.  Although he did not take Elizabeth Peabody as seriously as he did Margaret Fuller, Emerson nevertheless recognized her intellectual gifts.  He wrote of her in one of his notebooks: “A wonderful literary head, with extraordinary rapidity of association, and a methodising faculty which enabled her to weave surprising theories very fast, &amp; very finely, from slight materials.  Of another sex, she would have been a first-rate academician; and, as it was, she had the ease &amp; scope &amp; authority of a learned professor or high literary celebrity in her talk.  I told her I thought she ought to live a thousand years, her schemes of study &amp; the necessities of reading which her inquiries implied, required so much.”</text>
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                <text>“Yesterday morning, 24 Feb. at 8 o’clock a daughter was born to me, a soft, quiet, swarthy little creature, apparently perfect &amp; healthy.  My second child.  Blessings on thy head, little winter bud!  &amp; comest thou to try thy luck in this world &amp; know if the things of God are things for thee?  Well assured &amp; very soft &amp; still, the little maiden expresses great contentment with all she finds, &amp; her delicate but fixed determination to stay where she is, &amp; grow.  So be it, my fair child!  Lidian, who magnanimously makes my gods her gods, calls the babe Ellen.  I can hardly ask more for thee, my babe, than that name implies.  Be that vision &amp; remain with us, &amp; after us.”—RWE, journal, February 25, 1839&#13;
&#13;
“Nellie waked &amp; fretted at night &amp; put all sleep of her seniors to rout.  Seniors grew very cross, but Nell conquered soon by the pathos &amp; eloquence of childhood &amp; its words of fate.  Thus after wishing it would be morning, she broke out into sublimity; ‘Mother, it must be morning.’  Presently, after, in her sleep, she rolled out of bed; I heard the little feet running around on the floor, and then, ‘O dear! Where’s my bed?’ &#13;
   She slept again, and then woke; ‘Mother, I am afraid; I wish I could sleep in the bed be side of you.  I am afraid I shall tumble into the waters—It is all water.’  What else could papa do?  He jumped out of bed &amp; laid himself down by the little mischief, &amp; soothed her the best he might.”—RWE, journal, June 26, 1842&#13;
&#13;
“Be it known unto you that a little maiden child is born unto this house this day at 5 o clock this afternoon; it is a meek little girl which I have just seen, &amp; in this short dark winter afternoon I cannot tell what color her eyes are, and the less, because she keeps them pretty closely shut: But there is nothing in her aspect to contradict the hope we feel that she has come for a blessing to our little company.  Lidian is very well and finds herself suddenly recovered from a host of ails which she suffered from this morning.  Waldo is quite deeply happy with this fair unexpected apparition &amp; cannot peep &amp; see it enough.  Ellen has retired to bed unconscious of the fact &amp; of all her rich gain in this companion.  Shall I be discontented who had dreamed of a young poet that should come?  I am quite too much affected with wonder &amp; peace at what I have and behold &amp; understand nothing of, to quarrel with it that it is not different.”—RWE to William and Susan Haven Emerson, November 22, 1841.&#13;
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                <text>Ellery Channing</text>
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                <text>Ellery Channing</text>
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                <text>Poet William Ellery Channing (1817-1901)—nephew of minister William Ellery Channing, the “father of Unitarianism”—was one of those bright young men in whom Emerson found genius and whose writing he published in The Dial in the 1840s.  The two became friends in 1842, when Channing stayed with the Emersons while looking for a home in Concord for himself and his wife Ellen (Margaret Fuller’s sister).  After the Channings moved to Concord and became Emerson’s neighbors in 1843, Ellery and Waldo grew close.  Channing also became a particular friend of Thoreau, the first biography of whom he would later write (Thoreau, the Poet-Naturalist, published in 1873) and a friend of Bronson Alcott and Hawthorne.&#13;
&#13;
   Emerson was an early champion of Channing’s poetry.  He wrote on June 21, 1840, to Margaret Fuller, “Ellery Channing has granted the verses [for The Dial], which fills me with joy.  They are what I wanted the Journal for.”  He soon saw Channing’s inconsistency and weaknesses as a poet, but continued to admire his talent.  He wrote to Margaret Fuller on December 12, 1842, “A true poet that child is, and nothing proves it so much as his worst verses: sink or swim,—hit or miss, he writes on, &amp; is never responsible.”  To Caroline Sturgis, he wrote in August of 1842, “He (Ellery) has great selfpossession, great simplicity &amp; mastery of manner, very good sense, &amp; seems to me to be very good company to live with … If he could only master his negligent impatient way of writing—this impatience of finishing, his sweet wise vein of thought &amp; music would have no rival.”&#13;
&#13;
   Others were not so generous in their estimation of Channing’s work.  Edgar Allan Poe cuttingly reviewed his first published volume of poetry (Poems, 1843): “His book contains about sixty-three things, which he calls poems, and which he no doubt seriously supposes them to be.  They are full of all kinds of mistakes, of which the most important is that of their having been printed at all.”  Even Channing’s good friend and traveling companion Thoreau characterized his work as “sublimo-slipshod.”&#13;
&#13;
   Son of physician and Harvard Medical School professor Walter Channing, Ellery lost his mother when he was five.  He was raised by an aunt in Milton, sent to the Round Hill School in Northampton, and later to the Boston Latin School.  He entered Harvard in 1834 but, unable to submit himself to college regulations, left after a few months.&#13;
&#13;
   His father’s continuing financial support made it unnecessary for Channing actively to pursue a career.  He wrote poetry, homesteaded for a while in Illinois, and moved to Cincinnati, where he met and married Ellen Fuller.  The Channings settled in Concord in 1843 specifically to be near Emerson, who had already seen some of Ellery’s work into print in The Dial.&#13;
&#13;
   Channing was as unwilling to accept the financial and emotional responsibilities of marriage and fatherhood as he had earlier been to fit into life at Harvard.  Although he and Ellen had five children, he was absent from the family for long periods of time.  In 1844 and 1845, he lived in New York and worked at the Tribune.  In 1845, he traveled to Europe through the largesse of friends. &#13;
&#13;
   In Concord, the Channings lived first on the Cambridge Turnpike, then moved to Lexington Road, later to Punkatasset Hill, and after that to Main Street.  From 1855, while Channing edited the New Bedford Mercury, they lived away from Concord.  Ellen died in 1856, not long after the birth of their fifth child.&#13;
&#13;
   Channing returned to Concord after his connection with the Mercury ended in 1858.  He lived here for the rest of his life, spending his final years in Frank Sanborn’s home.  He remained intimate with Emerson, who never ceased to value his friend’s judgment of literature and character.  On April 11, 1850, Emerson expressed his feelings for Channing in a letter to Margaret Fuller: “I go home tomorrow &amp; the next day … I shall find, I trust, Ellery full of thoughts, if fitful &amp; moody as ever.  I could only wish he were born as much for his own happiness, &amp; for yours, as he is for mine.  To me, he is from month to month, from year to year, an incomparable companion, inexhaustible even if it be, &amp; more’s the pity, the finest luxury, rather than a necessity of life.”</text>
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                <text>Alfred Winslow Hosmer</text>
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                <text>Concord Free Public Library</text>
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                <text>1896</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
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                <text>All materials courtesy of the William Munroe Special Collections at the Concord Free Public Library</text>
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        <src>https://www.sc.concordlibrary.org/files/original/28/3967/Elm_Street_-_Elm_Place_Area.pdf</src>
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                  <text>Massachusetts Historical Commission Surveys: Concord, MA</text>
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                  <text>Surveys of historic properties and districts in Concord, MA</text>
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                  <text>Well-rounded survey documents combine an evaluation of the structure itself with research in primary and secondary documents on the structure, the people associated with it and the broader context. All documents are also available on the state's &lt;a href="https://mhc-macris.net/"&gt;MACRIS&lt;/a&gt; site.</text>
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