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                  <text>Emerson in Concord</text>
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                  <text>Ralph Waldo Emerson</text>
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                  <text>Materials for the exhibit Emerson in Concord</text>
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                  <text>CFPL web exhibit: Emerson in Concord</text>
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      <name>Middlesex Hotel</name>
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                <text>Central Part of Concord, MA</text>
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                <text>Concord</text>
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                <text> Barber’s engraving shows Monument Square from the vantage point of the present-day Colonial Inn.  The version of the Middlesex Hotel depicted (to the far right) burned in 1845 and was rebuilt in 1846.  The engraving also shows the First Parish Church before it was renovated and reoriented to face Lexington Road (1841) and (to the far left) the county courthouse that burned in 1849 and was replaced by another structure that eventually became the Middlesex Mutual Fire Insurance building.  Concord’s Town Hall had not yet been built when Barber’s book was published.</text>
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                <text>John Warner Barber</text>
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                <text>Barber’s Historical Collections, Being a General Collection of Interesting Facts, Traditions, Biographical Sketches, Anecdotes, &amp;c., Relating to the History and Antiquities of Every Town  in Massachusetts </text>
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                <text>1839</text>
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                <text>All materials courtesy of the William Munroe Special Collections at the Concord Free Public Library</text>
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                <text> This photograph of Concord Center shows the prominently positioned Jonas Hastings house—where the Thoreaus lived from 1823 to 1826—at the corner of Main and Walden (at the right, with four chimneys and a fence).  When the photograph was taken, the Hastings corner projected out into what is now part of Main Street.  The house was set back in the early 1870s to allow the widening of Main Street in preparation for the opening of the newly-constructed Concord Free Public Library in 1873.  The Hastings house was ultimately taken down to make way for the business block put up by pharmacist John C. Friend in 1892.&#13;
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                <text>1865</text>
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                <text>All materials courtesy of the William Munroe Special Collections at the Concord Free Public Library</text>
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                  <text>Emerson in Concord</text>
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                  <text>Ralph Waldo Emerson</text>
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                  <text>Materials for the exhibit Emerson in Concord</text>
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                <text>Walden Pond, MA</text>
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                <text>Walden Pond</text>
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                <text>On October 4, 1844, Emerson wrote his brother William about his recent purchase of land at Walden Pond: “I have lately added an absurdity or two to my usual ones, which I am impatient to tell you of.  In one of my solitary wood-walks by Walden Pond, I met two or three men who told me they had come thither to sell &amp; to buy a field, on which they wished me to bid as a purchaser.  As it was on the shore of the pond, &amp; now for years I had a sort of daily occupancy in it, I bid on it, &amp; bought it, eleven acres for $8.10 per acre.  The next day I carried some of my well-beloved gossips to the same place &amp; they deciding that the field was not good for anything, if Heartwell Bigelow should cut down his pine-grove, I bought, for 125 dollars more, his pretty wood lot of 3 or 4 acres, and so am landlord &amp; waterlord of 14 acres, more or less, on the shore of Walden … ”&#13;
&#13;
   Emerson’s purchase of land at Walden provided Henry Thoreau with the opportunity he had been looking for to live simply and self-sufficiently in nature and to devote himself to writing.  Thoreau built a cabin on and moved to Emerson’s Walden property in 1845.&#13;
&#13;
   Emerson himself took great pleasure in the peace and beauty of Walden Pond and the Walden Woods.  Edward Emerson wrote of his father’s enjoyment of the place: “The garden at home was often a hindrance and care, but he soon bought an estate which brought him unmingled pleasure, first the grove of white pines on the shore of Walden, and later the large tract on the farther shore running up to a rocky pinnacle from which he could look down on the Pond itself, and on the other side to the Lincoln woods and farms, Nobscot blue in the South away beyond Fairhaven and the river gleaming in the afternoon sun.”  Emerson often walked to Walden with his children on Sunday afternoons.&#13;
&#13;
   In 1866 (a mere four years after Thoreau’s death), the Fitchburg Railroad built an amusement park at Walden, on the side of the pond nearest the railroad track.  It featured picnic, swimming, and athletic areas, boathouses, footpaths, swings, see-saws, merry-go-rounds, and pavilions for speakers.  The construction of this complex distressed local people, Emerson included, who had enjoyed Walden in its undeveloped state.Emerson’s poem “My Garden,” written about Walden and the surrounding area, appeared in the Atlantic Monthly for December, 1866 (Myerson E169).  It was collected in May-Day and Other Pieces (1867; Myerson A28). &#13;
  &#13;
  &#13;
&#13;
&#13;
MY GARDEN&#13;
&#13;
If I could put my woods in song &#13;
And tell what’s there enjoyed, &#13;
All men would to my gardens throng, &#13;
And leave the cities void.&#13;
&#13;
    In my plot no tulips blow,— &#13;
Snow-loving pines and oaks instead; &#13;
And rank the savage maples grow &#13;
From Spring’s faint flush to Autumn red.&#13;
&#13;
My garden is a forest ledge &#13;
Which older forests bound; &#13;
The banks slope down to the blue lake-edge, &#13;
Then plunge to depths profound.&#13;
&#13;
Here once the Deluge ploughed, &#13;
Laid the terraces, one by one; &#13;
Ebbing later whence it flowed, &#13;
They bleach and dry in the sun.&#13;
&#13;
The sowers made haste to depart,— &#13;
The wind and the birds which sowed it; &#13;
Not for fame, nor by rules of art, &#13;
Planted these, and tempests flowed it.&#13;
&#13;
Waters that wash my garden side &#13;
Play not in Nature’s lawful web, &#13;
They heed not moon or solar tide,— &#13;
Five years elapse from flood to ebb.&#13;
&#13;
Hither hasted, in old time, Jove, &#13;
And every god,—none did refuse; &#13;
And be sure at last came Love, &#13;
And after Love, the Muse.&#13;
&#13;
Keen ears can catch a syllable, &#13;
As if one spake to another, &#13;
In the hemlocks tall, untamable, &#13;
And what the whispering grasses smother.&#13;
&#13;
Aeolian harps in the pine &#13;
Ring with the song of the Fates; &#13;
Infant Bacchus in the vine,— &#13;
Far distant yet his chorus waits.&#13;
&#13;
Canst thou copy in verse one chime &#13;
Of the wood-bell’s peal and cry, &#13;
Write in a book the morning’s prime, &#13;
Or match with words that tender sky?&#13;
&#13;
Wonderful verse of the gods, &#13;
Of one import, of varied tone; &#13;
They chant the bliss of their abodes &#13;
To man imprisoned in his own.&#13;
&#13;
Ever the words of the gods resound; &#13;
But the porches of man’s ear &#13;
Seldom in this low life’s round &#13;
Are unsealed, that he may hear.&#13;
&#13;
Wandering voices in the air &#13;
And murmurs in the wold &#13;
Speak what I cannot declare, &#13;
Yet cannot all withhold.&#13;
&#13;
When the shadow fell on the lake, &#13;
The whirlwind in ripples wrote &#13;
Air-bells of fortune that shine and break, &#13;
And omens above thought.&#13;
&#13;
But the meanings cleave to the lake, &#13;
Cannot be carried in book or urn; &#13;
Go thy ways now, come later back, &#13;
On ways and hedges still they burn.&#13;
&#13;
These the fates of men forecast, &#13;
Of better men than live to-day; &#13;
If who can read them comes at last &#13;
He will spell in the sculpture, ‘Stay.’&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>H.W. Gleason</text>
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                <text>1936</text>
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                <text>All materials courtesy of the William Munroe Special Collections at the Concord Free Public Library</text>
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                <text> Ruth Haskins Emerson wrote to her son William—Ralph Waldo’s older brother—on June 27, 1837: “The 4th of July, the good citizens of Concord talk of celebrating by having a little parade on account of the erection of the Monument—The Hon. S. Hoar is to give an address on the occasion[,] Dr. Ripley, a prayer, &amp; Waldo, has written a hymn, to be sung to the tune of old hundred—when it is printed will send you a copy.”  Emerson, in Plymouth on July 4th, did not hear his hymn sung at the dedication of Concord’s monument commemorating the battle at the North Bridge on April 19, 1775.&#13;
&#13;
   What is now known as the “Concord Hymn”—today perhaps Emerson’s best-known piece of poetry—was first printed for distribution at the dedication of the Battle Monument (Myerson A4.1).  The text of later printings, including the version shown here (collected in The Boston Book for 1850), varies somewhat from the original.&#13;
&#13;
   In 1875, the first verse of the “Concord Hymn” was carved into the granite base of Daniel Chester French’s Minute Man statue, erected on the opposite bank of the Concord River from the Battle Monument for the town’s centennial celebration of the Concord Fight.</text>
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                <text>All materials courtesy of the William Munroe Special Collections at the Concord Free Public Library</text>
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                <text>The Concord Lyceum was formed late in 1828 and early in 1829.  Early programs consisted primarily of debates and lectures, later (post-Civil War) of musical and other entertainments.  The Lyceum met in the old Academy building, the Center schoolhouse, the vestries of the Unitarian and Congregational churches, and, finally, the Town Hall.  Programs were held in the winter season of each year and were at first free to all town residents.  Because the Lyceum in its early years had some difficulty in maintaining solvency, the system of admission by ticket was adopted in 1856. &#13;
&#13;
   The Lyceum offered lectures on a wide range of topics.  Some of its lecturers were local (Emerson and Thoreau, for example); many were from out of town.  Speakers over the years included Jones Very, James Freeman Clarke, Theodore Parker, Frederic Henry Hedge, Orestes Brownson, Louis Agassiz, Henry Ward Beecher, Horace Greeley, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, and James T. Fields.  To the discomfort of some in the community, abolitionist Wendell Phillips spoke several times, the first in 1842.&#13;
&#13;
   Emerson attended and delivered Lyceum lectures in Concord, served as an officer (“curator”) of the organization, and persuaded friends and acquaintances to come here to speak.  His son Edward wrote that in addressing audiences of local people, he “never wrote down to them, but felt them entitled to his best thoughts.”&#13;
&#13;
   Lyceum audiences in Concord included a cross-section of the community.  Edward Emerson related a story that highlights the Lyceum’s—and his father’s—broad appeal: “ … Madam Hoar, seeing Ma’am Bemis, a neighbor who came in to work for her, drying her hands and rolling down her sleeves one afternoon somewhat earlier than usual, asked her if she was going so soon: ‘Yes, I’ve got to go now.  I’m going to Mr. Emerson’s lecture.’  ‘Do you understand Mr. Emerson?’  ‘Not a word, but I like to go and see him stand up there and look as if he thought everyone was as good as he was.’ ”&#13;
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                <text>All materials courtesy of the William Munroe Special Collections at the Concord Free Public Library</text>
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                <text> Transportation by stagecoach to and from Boston was a regular part of Emerson’s life before the railroad came to Concord.  The ride one way took between two and three hours.  Conversation among passengers provided welcome distraction from the tedium and discomfort of long confinement in close quarters over bumpy, muddy roads.  Edward Emerson wrote of travel by stagecoach during his father’s early residence in Concord: “Lawyers going to court, ministers exchanging with their country brethren, traders going to supply their miscellaneous country-stores, ladies going visiting or to see the sights of the city were there.  Somebody always knew somebody, and thus cheerful conversation was sure to be set agoing.” &#13;
&#13;
   The Boston, Lexington, and Concord Accommodation Stage was operated from 1817 by William Shepherd, keeper of a tavern on Main Street (now 122 Main).  The line carried passengers and made deliveries three days a week.&#13;
&#13;
   The waybill shown here reveals that Emerson shared a coach from Boston to Concord with eight fellow travelers—seven gentlemen and a lady—on April 20, 1839.</text>
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                <text>All materials courtesy of the William Munroe Special Collections at the Concord Free Public Library</text>
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                <text> Proprietary libraries—libraries owned jointly and used by shareholders—served the reading needs of many New England towns before the public library movement gathered momentum in the 19th century.  The Concord Social Library was established in 1821, absorbing the collection of the earlier Charitable Library Society.  In 1851, the Social Library transferred its collection to the Concord Town Library, the town’s first public library.&#13;
&#13;
   Emerson was connected with the succession of libraries in Concord from the 1830s until his death.  He was a member of the Standing Committee of the Social Library, and served one term as its president.  Bookseller and stationer John Stacy was librarian.  The Social Library was housed in Stacy’s store on the Mill Dam; much of the collection was purchased through Stacy.&#13;
&#13;
   The January 6, 1851 report of the Standing Committee—written in Emerson’s hand—suggests that the Social Library didn’t pander to lowbrow tastes.  Among the books added over the course of the previous year were Humboldt’s Aspects of Nature, Ledyard’s Nineveh and Its Remains, Dickens’s Pickwick Papers, Hawthorne’s Scarlet Letter, and a selection of British and American journals.&#13;
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   The plans for the cemetery were drawn up by landscape architects Horace William Shaler Cleveland and Robert Morris Copeland.  In their design, Cleveland and Copeland avoided the imposition of a geometric grid of lots over the terrain, preferring instead to place lots on paths and drives that followed the natural outlines of the land, and respecting native trees and plants. Cleveland’s sense of landscape design was informed by Emerson’s approach to aesthetics.  In his speech at the dedication of Sleepy Hollow, Emerson extolled the natural landscape as the proper focus of the landscape architect: “Modern taste has shown that there is no ornament, no architecture alone, so sumptuous as well disposed woods and waters, where art has been employed only to remove superfluities, and bring out the natural advantages.”</text>
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                <text>  Membership in agricultural societies was one indication of a 19th century farmer’s openness to new trends.  Concord farmers had a choice of two local organizations, the Middlesex Agricultural Society and the much smaller, more local Concord Farmer’s Club.  Although its membership included many working farmers, the activities of the Middlesex Agricultural Society drew a number of Concord residents for whom farming was more recreational than vocational.&#13;
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                <text> Emerson affirmed his desire to become a member of the First Parish in Concord in this letter of April 30, 1865, to John Brown, Jr.  Brown was a member of the church’s Standing Committee and, from 1873 until 1899, a deacon.&#13;
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   This document provides a dramatic counterpoint to Henry Thoreau’s well-known 1841 sign-off from membership in the First Parish.</text>
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