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                <text> In 1867, Concord honored its Civil War dead by erecting a memorial obelisk in Monument Square.  The ceremonies at the dedication of the Soldiers’ Monument on April 19th included a prayer by the Reverend Grindall Reynolds of the First Parish, an ode by George Bradford Bartlett sung to the tune of “Auld Lang Syne,” an address by Ralph Waldo Emerson (a member of the twenty-five man Monument Committee), poems by Frank Sanborn and Sampson Mason, and brief remarks by George S. Boutwell, William Schouler, and others.&#13;
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   Emerson opened his address by calling attention to the significance of April 19th as the anniversary both of the Concord Fight and of the day on which the troops had departed from Concord for Washington in 1861.  He closed emotionally, invoking the higher purpose of the sacrifices made: “There are people who can hardly read the names on yonder bronze tablet, the mist so gathers in their eyes.  Three of the names are of sons of one family.  A gloom gathers on this assembly, composed as it is of kindred men and women, for, in many houses, the dearest and noblest is gone from their hearthstone.  Yet it is tinged with light from heaven.  A duty so severe has been discharged, and with such immense results of good, lifting private sacrifice to the sublime, that, though the cannon volleys have the sound of funeral echoes, they can yet hear through them the benedictions of their country and mankind.”</text>
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                <text>Letter of introduction for Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar</text>
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                <text>Judge Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar (1816-1895)—known familiarly as Rockwood—was a good friend to Emerson and his fellow member in the Social Circle in Concord and the Saturday Club in Boston.&#13;
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   Like his distinguished father Sam Hoar, Rockwood was a lawyer, a key member of the Middlesex Bar, an active citizen of Concord, and a public servant at the state and national levels.  A cultivated and sociable man with a good sense of humor, he was as comfortable among members of the Saturday Club as he was in a court of law.&#13;
&#13;
   Rockwood graduated from Harvard in 1835, began the study of law in his father’s office, and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1839.  A Whig, Free Soiler, and Republican, he entered politics in 1840 as a delegate to the Whig Young Men’s Convention for Middlesex County and a supporter of Whig candidate William Henry Harrison.&#13;
&#13;
   In 1840, Hoar married Caroline Downes Brooks, daughter of Concord lawyer Nathan Brooks.  In 1845, he built an impressive Greek Revival house on Main Street (now 194 Main), near his parents’ home.  Rockwood and Caroline Hoar had seven children.&#13;
&#13;
   Hoar was a judge of the Court of Common Pleas from 1849 until 1855, a justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court from 1859 until 1869, United States Attorney General in the cabinet of President Grant from 1869 until 1870, and a representative in the United States Congress from 1873 until 1875.&#13;
&#13;
   He was also a proponent of abolition.  In 1859, when United States Marshal’s deputies attempted to arrest Frank Sanborn in Concord for his complicity in John Brown’s raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, Hoar issued the writ of habeas corpus that prevented them from doing so.&#13;
&#13;
   A civic leader in Concord, Hoar no doubt encouraged Emerson’s participation in municipal affairs.  He served on the School Committee, chaired the Concord Town Library Committee and the Concord Free Public Library Corporation, and was a member of the Committee on General Invitations for the town’s 1875 celebration of the centennial of the Concord Fight.  (Hoar hosted distinguished guest Ulysses S. Grant at his Main Street home when the president and his cabinet came to town for the celebration.)  In 1894, the year in which Patriots’ Day became a Massachusetts holiday, he delivered the April 19th address at the First Parish in Concord.&#13;
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   Hoar traveled to Europe once, in 1847.  Emerson wrote him a letter of introduction to British author, journalist, social reformer, and abolitionist Harriet Martineau.</text>
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                <text>Emerson wrote this letter from Milton—where his married daughter Edith lived—on January 1, 1866, asking Town Library Committee chairman E.R. Hoar if it might be possible to delay the upcoming Library Committee meeting by a day.&#13;
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                <text> Horace Mann, Jr. (1844-1868), a student at Frank Sanborn’s school in Concord, was a son of Horace and Mary Peabody Mann.  Young Mann was a proficient naturalist who consulted with Thoreau about animal and bird identification.  When Thoreau traveled to Minnesota in 1861 in an attempt to improve his failing health, Mann accompanied him.&#13;
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                <text>On October 1, 1873, Concord celebrated the dedication of its new public library, the gift of William Munroe (1806-1877).  A son of pencil-maker William Munroe (or Monroe), Munroe was born and raised in Concord.  He moved away as a young man, made a fortune in dry goods and textiles, and retired in 1861.  Living in Boston, he spent summers with his family in Concord, finally moving back here in 1876.&#13;
&#13;
   Never married, with no children to inherit his fortune, Munroe wanted to use his wealth to benefit the cultural and intellectual life of his hometown.  He first planned to leave a bequest to the Concord Town Library, then decided that his purposes would be better served by establishing an entirely new institution.&#13;
&#13;
   The Concord Free Public Library was incorporated on March 24, 1873.  Munroe had planned every detail of its management and operation.  The new library was to be supported by a combination of public and private funding and jointly governed by the public Town Library Committee and the private, self-perpetuating Concord Free Public Library Corporation.  The town committee would oversee staffing (a professional librarian was to be hired) and the general collection, while the private body would own and maintain the physical facilities and would receive gifts of rare books, manuscripts, works of art, and other valuable materials.  This public/private form of management continues to this day.&#13;
&#13;
   Munroe engaged Boston architects Snell and Gregerson to draw up plans.  They designed an impressive Victorian Gothic building, the core of which remains today in the library’s octagonal lobby.&#13;
&#13;
   The formal dedication ceremonies on Wednesday October 1st began in the Town Hall at 4:00 P.M., following a procession of citizens from the library.  The new building was open to visitors all day.  The ladies of the town had decorated both the Town Hall and the library with flowers and autumn leaves.  The exercises included music by the Concord Band, remarks and reports by Library Corporation and Library Committee representatives, the presentation by William Munroe to E.R. Hoar of the keys to the building, and the keynote address by Ralph Waldo Emerson.&#13;
&#13;
   Emerson served on the Library Committee for the Concord Free Public Library from 1873 until his death in 1882 and was its chairman for the final seven years of his tenure.&#13;
&#13;
   In 1873, as he prepared his speech for the library dedication, Emerson wrote in his journal about the transforming power of books and libraries: “Be a little careful about your Library.  Do you foresee what you will do with it?  Very little to be sure.  But the real question is, what it will do with you?  You will come here &amp; get books that will open your eyes, &amp; your ears, &amp; your curiosity, and turn you inside out or outside in.”&#13;
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                <text>Boston publisher James T. Fields was among the dignitaries and literati invited to join Concord for the dedication of its new library in 1873.  Fields was a partner in the Boston firm of Ticknor and Fields and, along with Emerson and Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar, a member of the Saturday Club. &#13;
&#13;
   Ticknor and Fields published a number of major American authors—Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, Holmes, Longfellow, Lowell, Stowe, and Whittier among them—and English authors as well.  The firm also issued the Atlantic Monthly.  James Russell Lowell was the first editor of the magazine.  Fields took over as editor in 1861, on Lowell’s resignation. &#13;
&#13;
   Fields was unable to attend the October 1st ceremonies in Concord.  He wrote to William Munroe on September 29th: “I have been confined to my room six weeks by a lame knee, and can’t be with you on Wednesday.  As I always intended to join the good day’s dedication, I feel greatly disappointed—more than I can express.  I send for the Library a gift of five autographs, which please present in my name … ”&#13;
&#13;
   The autograph manuscripts which Fields presented were pieces by various authors prepared for publication in the Atlantic Monthly: Emerson’s essay “Culture”; Thoreau’s essay “Walking”; Holmes’s poem “Dorothy Q”; Lowell’s poem “The Cathedral”; and Motley’s address before the Parker Fraternity on October 20, 1868.  In 1875, Fields added the manuscript of the first chapter of Hawthorne’s The Dolliver Romance to his dedication gift.&#13;
&#13;
   Emerson’s essay “Culture” first appeared in print in the Atlantic Monthly for September, 1860 (Myerson E154).  It was subsequently included in the collection The Conduct of Life (1860; Myerson A26).</text>
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                <text>Aware that the centennial of the Concord Fight on April 19, 1875 would draw national attention, Concord had carefully planned its grand celebration of the event.  Invitations were sent to numerous towns, to representatives of state and national government, to historical organizations, and to many individuals.  President Ulysses S. Grant, Vice President Henry Wilson, Secretary of War William Worth Belknap, Secretary of State Hamilton Fish, and Massachusetts Governor William Gaston were among the dignitaries who attended.  President Grant and his entourage arrived by train on April 17th and went by carriage to the Main Street home of Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar.&#13;
&#13;
   Monday, April 19, 1875 dawned cold and clear, later turned blustery and snowed.  As huge crowds arrived by train, it became apparent that the anticipated number of visitors had been seriously underestimated.  The formation of the parade was complicated by the sheer volume of the crowd.  Moreover, provisions were insufficient to feed the incoming people.  Despite considerable advance preparation, Concord was taken by surprise.&#13;
&#13;
   The ceremonies began with a 100-round sunrise salute from Nashawtuc Hill.  The parade proceeded to the battleground, crossing the new Victorian bridge constructed for the celebration.  John Shepard Keyes unveiled Daniel Chester French’s Minute Man statue.  The parade then continued to the meadow beyond, where the oration and dinner tents were located.  In the oration tent, two hundred dignitaries gathered on the speakers’ platform, which collapsed twice during the program.  E.R. Hoar—“President of the Day”—called the crowd to order, the Reverend Grindall Reynolds of the First Parish said a prayer, Ralph Waldo Emerson gave a short address, James Russell Lowell read a poem, and George William Curtis delivered a lengthy oration.  (As Curtis spoke, President Grant and other officials left for Lexington’s celebration.)  Invited guests then adjourned to the dinner tent. &#13;
&#13;
   Emerson had served on the Committee on General Invitations for the 1875 celebration.  He had also supported young Concord sculptor Daniel Chester French in obtaining the commission to design a statue to honor the colonial soldiers who fought on April 19, 1775.  French’s bronze Minute Man was the first of many pieces of public sculpture that he created throughout his long, successful career.  The first verse of Emerson’s “Concord Hymn” was inscribed on its base.&#13;
&#13;
   Emerson’s brief speech at the centennial celebration in 1875 was the last public address that he prepared for delivery in Concord.  The speech was printed in the New York Herald for April 19, 1875 (“Revolutionary Extra Edition”; Myerson E183) and reprinted several times.  In 1876, it appeared in Concord’s printed record of the proceedings at its celebration.&#13;
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                <text> Despite the sympathy and fellowship that Emerson and Thoreau shared in the 1830s and early 1840s, their friendship was eventually troubled.  Each man’s misplaced expectations of the other took its toll. &#13;
&#13;
   Moreover, Emerson found that Thoreau’s extreme idealism made ordinary friendship difficult to maintain.  He wrote in his eulogy of Thoreau that “no equal companion stood in affectionate relations with one so pure and guileless,” and went so far as to comment, “I think the severity of his ideal interfered to deprive him of a healthy sufficiency of human society.”  Then, too, there was an offputting thorniness to Thoreau’s personality.  Elizabeth Hoar said of him (as recorded in Emerson’s journal and later incorporated into the eulogy), “I love Henry, but do not like him.” &#13;
&#13;
   And yet, Thoreau could be a good comrade.  While living in the Manse between 1842 and 1845, Nathaniel Hawthorne—no extrovert—enjoyed his company.  When Thoreau informed him of his plan to go to Staten Island in 1843 to tutor the children of Emerson’s brother William, Hawthorne wrote in his journal, “I should like to have him remain here.”  In “The Forester,” Bronson Alcott called Thoreau “the most welcome of companions.”&#13;
&#13;
   Although the bond between them sometimes chafed, Emerson and Thoreau remained friends.  If the relationship did not turn out as they had thought it would, each nevertheless continued to find qualities to admire in the other.  Emerson particularly respected Thoreau as a man of action and valued his useful skills and knowledge.  He wrote in his eulogy of Thoreau: “He grew to be revered and admired by his townsmen, who had at first known him only as an oddity.  The farmers who employed him as a surveyor soon discovered his rare accuracy and skill, his knowledge of their lands, of trees, of birds, of Indian remains … which enabled him to tell every farmer more than he knew before of his own farm.” &#13;
&#13;
   The items shown here—a presentation copy of Walden (1854) inscribed by Thoreau for Emerson, a pencil survey of Emerson’s property at Walden, copied in 1857 by Thoreau, and a letter of introduction written by Emerson for Thoreau’s use in Minnesota in 1861—all attest to the endurance of their friendship.&#13;
&#13;
   After Thoreau’s death in 1862, Emerson had opportunity to read his friend’s manuscript journal.  In June, 1863, moved by the vitality he found there, he paid private tribute in his own journal to Thoreau as a writer: “In reading Henry Thoreau’s Journal, I am very sensible of the vigor of his constitution.  That oaken strength which I noted whenever he walked or worked or surveyed wood lots, the same unhesitating hand with which a field-laborer accosts a piece of work which I should shun as a waste of strength, Henry shows in his literary task.  He has muscle, &amp; ventures on &amp; performs feats which I am forced to decline.  In reading him, I find the same thought, the same spirit that is in me, but he takes a step beyond, &amp; illustrates by excellent images that which I should have conveyed in a sleepy generality.”</text>
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                <text>“A very good discourse on Marriage might be written by him who would preach on the nature of things.  Let him teach how fast the frivolous external fancying fades out of the mind.  Let him teach both husband &amp; wife to mourn for the rapid ebb of inclination not one moment, to yield it no tear.  As this fancy picture, these fata-Morgana, this cloud scenery fades forever the solid mountain chains whereupon the sky rests in the far perspective of the soul begin to appear.  The parties discover every day the deep &amp; permanent character each of the other as a rock foundation on which they may safely build their nuptial bower.  They learn slowly that all other affection than that which rests upon what they are is superstitious &amp; evanescent, that all concealment, all pretension is wholly Vain, that to the amiable &amp; useful &amp; heroic qualities which inhere in the other belong a certain portion of love, of pleasure, of veneration which is as exactly measured as the attraction of a pound of iron, that there is no luck nor witchcraft nor destiny nor divinity in marriage that can produce affection but only those qualities that by their nature extort it, that all love is mathematical.”—RWE, journal, September 28?, 1836&#13;
&#13;
“He had love and tremendous tenderness for very small children, and his skill in taking and handling a baby was in remarkable contrast to his awkwardness with animals or tools.  The monthly nurse, who drew back instinctively when he offered to take a new-born baby from her arms, saw in another moment that she had no cause to shudder, for nothing could be more delicate and skilful and confident than his manner of holding the small scrap of humanity as delighted and smiling he bore it up and down the room, making a charming and tender address to it.  His little boy, the first-born of his family (two sons and two daughters), died at the age of five.  His good friend Judge Hoar writes: ‘I think I was never more impressed with a human expression of agony than when Mr. Emerson led me into the room where little Waldo lay dead and said only, in reply to whatever I could say of sorrow or sympathy, “Oh that boy!  That boy!” ’ ”—Edward Waldo Emerson, Emerson in Concord&#13;
&#13;
“He had the grace to leave his children, after they began to grow up, the responsibility of deciding in more important questions concerning themselves, for which they cannot be too grateful to him; he did not command or forbid, but laid the principles and the facts before us and left the case in our hands.”—Edward Waldo Emerson, Emerson in Concord&#13;
&#13;
“Nothing could be better than his manner to children and young people, affectionate and with a marked respect for their personality, as if perhaps their inspiration or ideal might be better than his own, yet dignified and elevating by his expectations.  He was at ease with them and questioned them kindly, but as if expecting from them something better than had yet appeared, so that he always inspired affection and awe, but never fear.  The beauty, the sincerity, the hopefulness of young people charmed him.”—Edward Waldo Emerson, Emerson in Concord.&#13;
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                <text>Amelia Forbes Emerson</text>
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                <text>All materials courtesy of the William Munroe Special Collections at the Concord Free Public Library</text>
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                <text>“My mother was born in Boston, 9 November 1768, &amp; had therefore completed 85 years, a week before her death.  Her father Captain John Haskins whose distillery on Harrison Avenue was pulled down not many years ago was an industrious thriving man with a family of thirteen living children.  He was an Episcopalian &amp; up to the time of the Revolution a tory.  My mother was bred in the English church, &amp; always retained an affection for the Book of Common Prayer.  She married in 1796 and all her subsequent family connexions were in the Congregational Church[.]  At the time of her marriage her husband was settled in Harvard, Masstts.  In [1799] they removed to Boston on his installation at First Church.  He died in 1812 and left her with six children &amp; without property.  She kept her family together &amp; at once adopted the only means open to her by receiving boarders into her house &amp; by the assistance of some excellent friends, she carried four of her five sons through Harvard College.  The family was never broken up until 1826, when on the death of Dr Ripleys daughter (my fathers half-sister) she accepted the Doctor’s earnest invitation to make her home at his house.  She remained there until my marriage in 1830, when she came to live with me.  After my housekeeping was broken up in 1832, and on my return from Europe in 1833, she went with me to Concord, &amp; we became boarders in Doctor Ripley’s family, until I bought a house &amp; took her home with me in 1835.  This was her permanent home until her death.  I hardly know what to add to these few dates.  I have been in the habit of esteeming her manners &amp; character the fruit of a past age.  She was born a subject of King George, had lived through the whole existence of the Republic, remembered &amp; described with interesting details the appearance of Washington at the Assemblies in Boston after the war, when every lady wore his name on her scarf; &amp; had derived from that period her punctilious courtesy extended to every person, and continued to the last hour of her life.  Her children as they grew up had abundant reason to thank her prudence which secured to them an education which in the circumstances was the most judicious provision that could be made for them.  I remember being struck with the comment of a lady who said in my family when some debate arose about my Mother’s thrift in her time, the lady said, ‘Ah, but she secured the essentials.  She got the children educated.’ ”—RWE to Nathaniel Langdon Frothingham, December 3, 1853.</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>Undated</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="18405">
                <text>All materials courtesy of the William Munroe Special Collections at the Concord Free Public Library</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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