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                  <text>Emerson in Concord</text>
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                  <text>Materials for the exhibit Emerson in Concord</text>
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                <text>Address before the Middlesex Agricultural Society</text>
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                <text>  Membership in agricultural societies was one indication of a 19th century farmer’s openness to new trends.  Concord farmers had a choice of two local organizations, the Middlesex Agricultural Society and the much smaller, more local Concord Farmer’s Club.  Although its membership included many working farmers, the activities of the Middlesex Agricultural Society drew a number of Concord residents for whom farming was more recreational than vocational.&#13;
&#13;
   In 1858, Emerson delivered an address at the annual cattle show and exhibition of the Middlesex Agricultural Society.  Edward Emerson commented that the speech showed that his father “had not lived in the country in vain, and had seen and recognized the great lines on which the farmer must lay out his year’s work.”  The piece was collected in 1870 in Emerson’s Society and Solitude (Myerson A31), under the title “Farming.”&#13;
&#13;
   In addition to delivering the address, Emerson also entered pears and grapes at the 1858 exhibition.</text>
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                <text>Transactions of the Middlesex Agricultural Society,  for the Year 1858 </text>
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                <text>All materials courtesy of the William Munroe Special Collections at the Concord Free Public Library</text>
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                <text>Address in Concord on the Fugitive Slave Law</text>
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                <text>The addition of territory through war with Mexico (1846-1848) inflamed slavery/antislavery tensions, resulting in the Compromise of 1850, which was an attempt to delay impending national crisis.  By the Compromise, California was admitted as a free state, the territories of New Mexico and Utah would decide the slavery question for themselves upon admission to the Union, the boundary between Texas and New Mexico was established, and the slave trade was abolished in Washington, D.C.  The Compromise of 1850 also included the Fugitive Slave Law, which required the return of runaway slaves to their owners.  Many Northerners were furious over and unwilling to obey the Fugitive Slave Law.&#13;
&#13;
   Emerson was outraged by the Fugitive Slave Law and by early attempts to enforce it.  His journal and letters after its passage were full of anger.  He seethed, for example, in one entry in 1851, “And this filthy enactment was made in the 19th Century, by people who could read &amp; write.  I will not obey it, by God.”&#13;
&#13;
   Edward Waldo Emerson wrote in Emerson in Concord of his father’s preoccupation with the detested law: “He woke in the mornings with a weight upon him … When his children told him that the subject given out for their next school composition was, The Building of a House, he said, ‘You must be sure to say that no house nowadays is perfect without having a nook where a fugitive slave can be safely hidden away.’ ”  Edward recalled, too, that his father’s rage was channeled into legal research: “The national disgrace took Mr. Emerson’s mind from poetry and philosophy, and almost made him for a time a student of law and an advocate.  He eagerly sought and welcomed all principles in law-books, or broad rulings of great jurists, that Right lay behind Statute to guide its application and that immoral laws are void.”&#13;
&#13;
   On April 26, 1851, thirty-five of Emerson’s Concord townsmen signed a letter asking him publicly to present his views on the law.  On May 3rd, he delivered an impassioned speech –his first of several in reaction to the Fugitive Slave Law.&#13;
&#13;
   In the address, Emerson openly advocated breaking the law on the grounds that an immoral law carried no authority.  (The year before, Henry Thoreau had offered a similar view in his “Resistance to Civil Government,” now known as “Civil Disobedience.”)  The speech was well-received by the antislavery community.  Although under normal circumstances not much inclined to political activism, Emerson repeated the speech a number of times in various Middlesex locations to support the campaign to elect Free Soil candidate John G. Palfrey to the United States Congress.</text>
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                <text>Ralph Waldo Emerson</text>
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                <text>Concord Free Public Library</text>
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                <text>1851</text>
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                <text>All materials courtesy of the William Munroe Special Collections at the Concord Free Public Library</text>
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                <text>Address on the Anniversary of Emancipation in the British West Indies</text>
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                <text>   This, Emerson’s first powerful attack on slavery, was delivered at the request of radical abolitionist Mary Merrick Brooks, wife of Concord lawyer Nathan Brooks.  Following initial delivery of the address, Emerson—now a recognized antislavery advocate—was asked several times to reread it at abolition gatherings.</text>
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&#13;
   Never married, with no children to inherit his fortune, Munroe wanted to use his wealth to benefit the cultural and intellectual life of his hometown.  He first planned to leave a bequest to the Concord Town Library, then decided that his purposes would be better served by establishing an entirely new institution.&#13;
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   The Concord Free Public Library was incorporated on March 24, 1873.  Munroe had planned every detail of its management and operation.  The new library was to be supported by a combination of public and private funding and jointly governed by the public Town Library Committee and the private, self-perpetuating Concord Free Public Library Corporation.  The town committee would oversee staffing (a professional librarian was to be hired) and the general collection, while the private body would own and maintain the physical facilities and would receive gifts of rare books, manuscripts, works of art, and other valuable materials.  This public/private form of management continues to this day.&#13;
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   Munroe engaged Boston architects Snell and Gregerson to draw up plans.  They designed an impressive Victorian Gothic building, the core of which remains today in the library’s octagonal lobby.&#13;
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   The formal dedication ceremonies on Wednesday October 1st began in the Town Hall at 4:00 P.M., following a procession of citizens from the library.  The new building was open to visitors all day.  The ladies of the town had decorated both the Town Hall and the library with flowers and autumn leaves.  The exercises included music by the Concord Band, remarks and reports by Library Corporation and Library Committee representatives, the presentation by William Munroe to E.R. Hoar of the keys to the building, and the keynote address by Ralph Waldo Emerson.&#13;
&#13;
   Emerson served on the Library Committee for the Concord Free Public Library from 1873 until his death in 1882 and was its chairman for the final seven years of his tenure.&#13;
&#13;
   In 1873, as he prepared his speech for the library dedication, Emerson wrote in his journal about the transforming power of books and libraries: “Be a little careful about your Library.  Do you foresee what you will do with it?  Very little to be sure.  But the real question is, what it will do with you?  You will come here &amp; get books that will open your eyes, &amp; your ears, &amp; your curiosity, and turn you inside out or outside in.”&#13;
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24 3/8" x 36 1/2"</text>
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