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                <text>Bust of Louisa May Alcott</text>
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                <text>Louisa May Alcott, 29 Nov 1832 - 6 Mar 1888</text>
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                <text> A man of inherited wealth, the Reverend Peter Bulkeley (1583-1659) attended St. John’s College in Cambridge.  He left England because his religious nonconformity placed him at odds with Archbishop Laud.  Along with fur trader Simon Willard and some twelve families, Bulkeley settled Concord, which was incorporated in September of 1635, and gathered the Concord church at Cambridge in July of 1636.  He not only served as minister to the new town (from 1636 until 1644 with the assistance of John Jones, then on his own until his death), but also invested in Concord’s development.  He paid for and owned the town grist mill, built on the pond created by damming the Mill Brook for power.&#13;
&#13;
   Peter Bulkeley was highly respected both locally, in Concord, and more widely in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.  He corresponded with his colleagues in the Colonial clergy, and gained a reputation for his Gospel-Covenant, first published at London in 1646.  This  book was a collection of sermons that Bulkeley had preached on the controversial issue of the relationship between works, grace, faith, justification, and salvation.&#13;
&#13;
   In September of 1835, two hundred years after Peter Bulkeley arrived in the New World, Ralph Waldo Emerson delivered the keynote address at Concord’s celebration of the bicentennial of its incorporation.  In the address, he drew attention both to the abiding presence in Concord of descendants of the founding families and to his own relation to the best-known of the town’s settlers: “ … the race survives whilst the individual dies.  In the country, without any interference of the law, the agricultural life favors the permanence of families.  Here are still around me, the lineal descendants of the first settlers of this town.  Here is Blood, Flint, Willard, Meriam, Wood, Hosmer, Barrett, Wheeler, Jones, Brown, Buttrick, Brooks, Stow, Hoar, Heywood, Hunt, Miles,—the names of the inhabitants for the first thirty years; and the family is in many cases represented, when the name is not.  If the name of Bulkeley is wanting, the honor you have done me, this day, in making me your organ, testifies your persevering kindness to his blood.” </text>
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                <text>1646</text>
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                <text>All material is courtesy of the William Munroe Special Collections, Concord Free Public Library</text>
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                <text>Sermons by Daniel Bliss</text>
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                <text>Emerson’s great-grandfather Daniel Bliss (1715-1764), a 1732 graduate of Yale, was minister of the First Parish in Concord from 1739 to 1764.  He succeeded John Whiting, who was forced to resign because of his fondness for alcohol.  A New Light Congregationalist caught up in the Great Awakening revivalism preached by Jonathan Edwards, Bliss twice welcomed English evangelist George Whitefield to Concord, in 1741 and 1764. &#13;
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   During Bliss’s ministry, there was considerable discord among his parishioners over his evangelical fervor, leading to the departure of a number—including John Whiting—who chose to worship separately at the Black Horse Tavern.  (The tavern stood on the present site of the Concord Free Public Library.)&#13;
&#13;
   Bliss was a powerful preacher.  When George Whitefield preached here in 1764, Bliss’s abilities were judged by his congregation as at least equal to those of the more famous man.&#13;
&#13;
   In his 1835 Concord bicentennial discourse, Ralph Waldo Emerson referred to the charges brought “by lovers of order and moderation” against Bliss as “a favorer of religious excitements.”  Emerson’s perception of the “true piety” evident in Bliss’s response to these charges suggests the value he himself placed on deeply felt spirituality as contrasted with the conventional expressions of institutional religion.&#13;
&#13;
   These two Daniel Bliss sermons are written in what appears to be a variety of Greek shorthand.&#13;
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                <text>1748-1754</text>
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                <text>All Materials courtesy of William Munroe Special Collections, Concord Free Public Library</text>
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                <text> Born in Malden in 1743 to the Reverend Joseph Emerson and his wife Mary Moody Emerson, William Emerson—Ralph Waldo’s grandfather—graduated from Harvard College in 1761.  He served as a supply preacher here after the death in 1764 of Daniel Bliss, was chosen as Concord’s pastor in February of 1765, and ordained on January 1, 1766.  In that same year, he married Phebe Bliss, daughter of his predecessor in the Concord pulpit.  In 1770, he moved his wife and the first of their five children (William, born in 1769) from the Block House—the Bliss family home—to the Manse, the house he had readied for them near the North Bridge.  The Concord Fight of April 19, 1775 took place in view of his Manse. &#13;
&#13;
   William Emerson was a popular as well as an eloquent minister.  A champion of political liberty, he was one of Concord’s Revolutionary leaders.  When the Provincial Congress met in Concord in October of 1774, he officiated as chaplain.  On August 16, 1776, just after the birth of his fifth child, he left Concord to serve as army chaplain at Ticonderoga.  He never returned.  He became sick, and died at Rutland, Vermont, on October 20th, while trying to come home. &#13;
&#13;
   In his 1835 discourse, Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote of his grandfather: “William Emerson, the pastor, had a hereditary claim to the affection of the people, being descended in the fourth generation, from Edward Bulkeley, son of Peter.  But he had merits of his own.  The cause of the colonies was so much in his heart, that he did not cease to make it the subject of his preaching and his prayers, and is said to have deeply inspired many of his people with his own enthusiasm.”</text>
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&#13;
   In 1796, Emerson married Ruth Haskins (1768-1853), daughter of successful Boston merchant John Haskins, a cooper and distiller.  Their eight children were: Phebe Ripley (1798-1800); John Clarke (1799-1807); William (1801-1868); Ralph Waldo (1803-1882); Edward Bliss (1805-1834); Robert Bulkeley (1807-1859); Charles Chauncy (1808-1836); and Mary Caroline (1811-1814).&#13;
&#13;
   William and Ruth Emerson paid careful attention to both the religious and the intellectual development of their children.  William, a liberal minister with a taste for literature, encouraged scholarship as well as religious devotion in his sons.  He was a sociable man, well-respected in his community.  His public position brought frequent visitors to the Emerson home.  Ruth Haskins Emerson was a pious woman who met the various demands made upon her as the wife of a prominent man and as a mother.&#13;
&#13;
   Ralph Waldo Emerson’s world was radically altered in 1811, when his father died, leaving Mrs. Emerson to support and raise the young family on her own.&#13;
&#13;
   In a letter written to his brother William on February 10, 1850, Emerson recorded what little he could  remember of their father, and his assessment of the man’s talents: “I was eight years old when he died, &amp; only remember a somewhat social gentleman, but severe to us children, who twice or thrice put me in mortal terror by forcing me into the salt water off some wharf or bathing house …  I have never heard any sentence or sentiment of his repeated by Mother or Aunt, and his printed or written papers, as far as I know, only show candour &amp; taste, or I should almost say, docility, the principal merit possible to that early ignorant &amp; transitional Month-of-March, in our New England culture.  His literary merits really are that he fostered the Anthology &amp; the Athenaeum.  These things ripened into Buckminster Channing &amp; Everett.”</text>
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                <text>William Emerson’s Manse was built on what started out as Blood family property and in time passed to the Browns.  The deed documenting the conveyance of the property from David Brown to William Emerson is dated April 16, 1770.  From William Emerson’s time, the Manse remained in the hands of Emersons, Ripleys, and Ripley descendants, until signed over to the Trustees of Reservations in 1939.&#13;
&#13;
   After William Emerson’s death in 1776, his widow and family stayed on in the house.  Ezra Ripley was head of the household from his marriage to Phebe Bliss Emerson in 1780 until his death in 1841.  From 1842 to 1845, Nathaniel and Sophia Peabody Hawthorne rented the Manse, which Hawthorne made famous through the collection of stories titled Mosses from an Old Manse (first published in 1846). &#13;
&#13;
   Ezra Ripley’s son Samuel retired from his pastorate in Waltham and returned to live in the Manse, his childhood home, in 1846.  His wife Sarah Alden Bradford Ripley, a woman widely renowned and respected for her learning, stayed on after Samuel’s sudden death in 1847.  After Sarah died, the house was occupied by Thayer and Ames descendants of the Ripleys.  Cordial family relations between the Manse and the Emerson household on the Cambridge Turnpike continued until and beyond Emerson’s death in 1882. &#13;
&#13;
   Ezra Ripley was known as a hospitable man.  In his biography of Ripley for The Centennial of the Social Circle in Concord (1882), Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote, “His hospitality obeyed Charles Lamb’s rule, and ‘ran fine to the last.’”  During Ripley’s residence in the Manse, the house was always open to friends and family.  The peripatetic Mary Moody Emerson and her brother William’s widow and children were frequent visitors.  Ruth Emerson and her brood stayed at the Manse for an extended period from November, 1814, until the following April. &#13;
&#13;
   In October of 1834, Ralph Waldo Emerson and his mother moved back into the Manse as Ripley’s boarders.  Between that time and his 1835 purchase of his own house, Emerson found the atmosphere of the Manse congenial to writing his long-developing book Nature.  In a letter of August 6, 1852 to George William Curtis, he commented, “The best part of the tract ‘Nature’ was written in that house … when I boarded with Dr. Ripley … ”&#13;
&#13;
   In a July 8, 1842 letter to his Aunt Mary, Ralph Waldo Emerson’s brother William conveyed the deep meaning that the entire Emerson family attached to the Manse.  William wrote of the recent move of the newly-married Hawthornes into the house: “ … the old Manse, which has undergone some changes … was waiting the arrival of new tenants.  What a history in those silent walls!  …  In the little attic room, my father’s, Edward’s, &amp; Charles’s handwriting are still plainly to be read on the wall.  Some wood &amp; stone seems holier than the rest … I am sorry to see the old house going into stranger’s hands.”</text>
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                <text>T. S. Lewis of Cambridgeport</text>
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                <text>Ezra Ripley—minister in Concord for a remarkable sixty-three years, from 1778 to 1841—was born in 1751 in Woodstock, Connecticut, fifth of the nineteen children of Noah Ripley (a descendant of William Ripley, an original settler of Hingham) and Lydia Kent Ripley.  He entered Harvard College in 1772, spent time in Concord when the college was temporarily moved here in 1775, graduated in 1776, and was ordained minister of the First Parish in 1778. &#13;
&#13;
   In 1780, Ripley married Phebe Bliss Emerson, widow of his predecessor William Emerson and daughter of Emerson’s predecessor Daniel Bliss.  Living in the Manse, the couple raised William Emerson’s children (with the exception of Mary Moody Emerson, who was raised by relatives) and three of their own (Samuel, born in 1783; Daniel Bliss, 1784; and Sarah, 1789).  Ripley’s senior by eleven years, Phebe died sixteen years before her second husband.&#13;
&#13;
  Patriarch though Ezra Ripley was, he was loved as well as respected in Concord, known as a good if sometimes harsh man, generous, sociable, fond of company and conversation, and partial to the ladies.  He was a member of the Social Circle in Concord and also of the Corinthian Lodge of Freemasons.  In a brief biographical sketch of Ripley in By-Laws of Corinthian Lodge (1859), Louis Surette wrote: “Indeed he was himself a king in his own parish, but one who ruled for the good of his subjects, and deserved and earned their love as well as their awe.”&#13;
&#13;
   During Ripley’s long ministry, the First Parish gradually grew away from its original Congregational Calvinism and toward Unitarianism.  Although not antagonistic to the liberalization of his church, Ripley remained old-fashioned in his attachment to the forms and observances of traditional religion.  In his Social Circle biography of his step-grandfather,  Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote: “He was identified with the ideas and forms of the New England church, which expired about the same time with him, so that he and his coevals seemed the rear guard of the great camp and army of the Puritans, which, however in its last days declining into formalism, in the heyday of its strength had planted and liberated America.  It was a pity that his old meeting-house should have been modernized in his time.  I am sure all who remember both will associate his form with whatever was grave and droll in the old, cold, unpainted, uncarpeted, square-pewed meeting-house … ” &#13;
&#13;
   First Hersey Goodwin and then Barzillai Frost served as Ripley’s junior colleagues during the final decade of his ministry. &#13;
&#13;
   Emerson’s Social Circle biography—a respectful, perceptive, character sketch revealing Emerson’s personal feeling for Ripley—was based on the long, close relationship between the two.  Emerson wrote of the combination of severity and kindness in Ripley’s character, of his sincerity, practicality, sympathy with his fellow man, generosity, habit of speaking to the point of any subject, rich store of anecdotes, affectionate nature, and consistency.  He also noted Ripley’s credulity, his tendency to be opinionated, and the limits of his reading and interest in intellectual inquiry.&#13;
&#13;
   Emerson was impressed by Ripley’s intimate knowledge of Concord, its people, and its past.  He recalled Ripley driving him about Concord during his childhood visits and telling him stories of the families who lived here.  Ezra Ripley was particularly interested in the Concord Fight of 1775.  Emerson described him as “a browbeater of the poor old fathers who still survived from the 19th of April, to the end that they should testify to his history as he had written it” (A History of the Fight at Concord, 1827).&#13;
&#13;
   When Ripley died in 1841, Emerson wrote an obituary for the October 1, 1841 issue of the Concord Republican, which he later expanded into his Social Circle memoir.</text>
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